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- WORLD, Page 28Exploring the Tea Bag Factor
-
-
- Emotional and intellectual traits are crucial to how well people
- survive the hot water of captivity
-
- By ANASTASIA TOUFEXIS -- With reporting by William Mader/London
- and Linda Williams/New York
-
-
- When American hostage Edward Tracy emerged from nearly
- five years of captivity in Lebanon last week, every minute of
- his confinement seemed to be graven in his body and spirit.
- Though he declared himself "in perfect health" and "ready to do
- the 100-yard dash," he appeared weary, bewildered and at times
- incoherent. He reportedly denied that Edward Tracy was his real
- name, claimed he was 63 though his birth certificate makes him
- 60, and hoped his "wives would rise from the dead" even though
- he has married but once and his ex-wife is still living. At the
- U.S. Air Force hospital in Wiesbaden, Germany, where he was
- first taken, and in Boston where he checked into a VA hospital
- at midweek, Tracy remained secluded.
-
- In dramatic contrast, John McCarthy, who was also held for
- five years, bounced back into freedom looking as if he had just
- been away for the weekend. Trim and fit, the 34-year-old Briton
- fielded questions with grace and humor and seemed more than
- ready to resume his private life and even his public duties as
- a television reporter. Back in Britain at the Royal Air Force
- base in Lyneham, McCarthy took time out from being examined to
- deliver a letter from his captors to the U.N. Secretary-General,
- tootle around the base in a borrowed car and take a spin in a
- flight simulator. Everywhere he went he waved cheerily.
-
- What accounts for the apparent difference in the two men's
- physical and mental condition? How well hostages cope with
- captivity depends partly on how long and how roughly they are
- held. The more brutal the conditions, the more brutalized the
- body and mind. Tracy and McCarthy suffered much the same
- deprivations, and were also both beaten and threatened with
- death. For some of their imprisonment they were chained and
- blindfolded, and each spent time in harrowing solitary
- confinement.
-
- But survival also depends on the physical and
- psychological resources hostages bring to the ordeal. Youth is
- an advantage in weathering physical hardships. More crucial,
- however, are a person's emotional and intellectual traits. "It
- really depends on what you came in with, what your life
- experience has been," stresses Bruce Laingen, who a decade ago
- was held hostage in Iran for 444 days. "Human beings are like
- tea bags. You don't know your own strength until you get into
- hot water."
-
- More resilient hostages have a firm sense of identity,
- self-confidence and optimism. They tend to hold strong beliefs,
- political or religious. And they have stable ties to family and
- friends, which give them a reason to live and comfort that they
- have not been forgotten. In captivity they are able to forge
- new bonds with other hostages and often make sacrifices for the
- others' benefit. Says psychologist Julius Segal, a former
- director of the National Institute of Mental Health: "Prisoners
- have told me that the best thing you can do in captivity is
- share that last morsel of food. It brings you outside of
- yourself."
-
- Hardy hostages have a vivid imagination, which helps them
- withstand the tedium of confinement and restores some sense of
- control over their lives. Such prisoners invent new games or
- languages, retrace a journey, or set aside a specific time of
- the day for positive fantasizing. Psychiatrist Frank Ochberg,
- a clinical professor at Michigan State University, recalls two
- men who were kidnapped by terrorists for nearly 19 weeks: "The
- one who came out in excellent condition had designed buildings
- in his head and planned exotic menus at various restaurants. His
- cellmate, who lacked that ability, was in much worse shape."
-
- These same factors affect how quickly a hostage will
- readjust to freedom. Reentering the world can be as rude a shock
- as leaving it. In a flash, hostages go from solitude to
- spotlight, from having no choices to having too many, from being
- deprived of all stimulation to being bombarded. Said Tracy on
- once again seeing a tree and hearing a plane: ``I am amazed and
- baffled by it." Prisoners often need time alone after their
- release, because they are not used to being the center of
- attention and they want to sort out their feelings. Sometimes
- they have to deal with devastating news. McCarthy's mother died
- two years ago.
-
- By most measures, McCarthy seems to have strengths to draw
- on. Family and colleagues describe him as a fun-loving young
- man who was close to his parents and elder brother. "He's a
- born optimist, a fighter, with a huge zest for life," says his
- father Patrick. That description is echoed by former cellmate
- Brian Keenan, an Irishman who was released last year. Says
- Keenan: "He is the daftest, craziest man I ever met." And a
- marvelous mimic too: "I never knew if I was playing dominoes
- against Sigmund Freud or Peter Sellers. Without him I don't
- think I would have made it."
-
- Tracy on the other hand has led a chaotic existence,
- wandering through 10 countries before settling in Lebanon in
- 1976 and doing everything from writing poetry to selling books.
- Tracy has not been to Vermont to see his mother Doris, now 83,
- in 26 years.
-
- Tracy's mental condition before his kidnapping is unclear.
- His ex-wife has reported receiving some odd letters from him,
- including one in which he said he was "the father of 5,000
- motorcycles." His doctors have revealed that Tracy was treated
- in the past for psychological difficulties, but they say he is
- in better shape than expected and retains a robust sense of
- humor.
-
- Among hostages so far, McCarthy seems especially
- fortunate, but no one should suppose that he has escaped
- unscathed. "His family and friends think they have him back, but
- that is an illusion," says psychologist James Thompson of the
- University College of London. "They have a close relative of his
- back."
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